Fig 1: INS synchronizes the molecular clock in primary astrocytes.a Primary hypothalamic astrocytes were synchronized with 100 nM of DEX (upper panel) or 600 nM INS in low or high glucose media (lower panel) for 1 h. Per2, Cry1, Bmal1, and Dbp expression at the indicated time points by quantitative RT-PCR. Graphs show the mean ± s.e.m. of the cosine-fitted curves from 3 (DEX and INS + glucose) or 4 (INS) experiments performed in triplicate. b Acrophase of the rhythmic oscillations of Per2, Cry1, Bmal1, and Dbp after the synchronization with DEX and INS. Graphs show the mean ± s.e.m. (DEX and INS + glucose: n = 3 experiments performed in triplicate, and INS: n = 4 experiments performed in triplicate). One-way ANOVA. c Representative images of PER2 and CRY1 western blots in hypothalamic astrocytes synchronized with INS in the absence or presence of high glucose (n = 2 independent experiments). d Primary hypothalamic astrocytes were synchronized with 100 nM of DEX or 600 nM INS and Per2, Cry1, Bmal1, and Dbp were analyzed, at the indicated time points, by quantitative RT-PCR. Data are represented as mean ± s.e.m (n = two experiments performed in triplicate). One-way ANOVA. Source data are provided as a Source Date file.